Аннотация
В данном обзоре представлены возможности современных цитологических, иммуноцитологических, иммуногистохимических, молекулярно-генетических исследований в диагностике злокачественного потенциала папиллярного рака щитовидной железы.Литература
1. Качко В.А. и др. Роль молекулярной диагностики при опухолях щитовидной железы // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2020. – Т. 66. – № 3. – С. 33–46. [Kachko V.A. et al. The role of molecular diagnostics in thyroid tumors // Problems of endocrinology. – 2020. – V. 66. – No 3. – P. 33–46. In Russian]. DOI: 10.14341/probl12491.
2. Dolidze D.D. et al. A narrative review of preventive central lymph node dissection in patients with papillary thyroid cancer-a necessity or an excess // Frontiers in Oncology. – 2022. – V. 12. – P. 906695. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906695.
3. Абросимов А.Ю. и др. Редкие опухоли щитовидной железы: веретеноклеточная эпителиальная опухоль и карцинома щитовидной железы с тимикоподобной дифференцировкой // Архив патологии. – 2007. – Т. 69. – № 6. – С. 34–37. [Abrosimov A.Y. et al. Rare thyroid tumors: fusiform cell epithelial tumor and thyroid carcinoma with thymic-like differentiation // Pathology archive. – 2007. – V. 69. – No 6. – P. 34–37. In Russian].
4. Baloch Z.W. et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms // Endocrine Pathology. – 2022. – V. 33. – No 1. – P. 27–63. DOI: 10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3.
5. Долидзе Д.Д. и др. Эволюция классификации опухолей щитовидной железы // Эндокринология: Новости. Мнения. Обучение. – 2024. – Т. 13. – № 1 (46). – С. 69–79. [Dolidze D.D. et al. The evolution of thyroid tumor classification // Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Training. – 2024. – V. 13. – No 1 (46). – P. 69–79. In Russian]. DOI: 10.33029/2304-9529-2024-13-1-69-79.
6. Аксенова Т.Н. и др. Потенциальные белковые маркеры для дифференциальной диагностики новообразований щитовидной железы // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2024. – Т. 20. – № 1. – С. 56–67. [Aksenova T.N. et al. Potential protein markers for the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors // Clinical and experimental thyroidology. – 2024. – V. 20. – No 1. – P. 56–67. In Russian]. DOI: 10.14341/ket12786.
7. Alexander E.K. et al. Preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2012. – V. 367. – No 8. – P. 705–715. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203208.
8. Vuong H.G. et al. Diagnostic performances of the Afirma gene sequencing classifier in comparison with the gene expression classifier: a meta‐analysis // Cancer cytopathology. – 2021. – V. 129. – No 3. – P. 182–189. DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22378.
9. Семенов Д.Ю. и др. Комбинированный анализ выявления мутации гена BRAF и экспрессии галектина-3 в дооперационной диагностике рака щитовидной железы // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2011. – Т. 7. – № 2. – С. 49–56. [Semenov D.Y. et al. Combined analysis of BRAF gene mutation detection and galectin-3 expression in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer // Clinical and Experimental Thyroidology. – 2011. – V. 7. – No 2. – P. 49–56. In Russian].
10. Asa S.L. The Current Histologic Classification of Thyroid Cancer // Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. – 2019. – V. 48. – No 1. – P. 1–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.001.
11. Krohn K. et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter // Endocrine reviews. – 2005. – V. 26. – No 4. – P. 504–524. DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0005.
12. Jalaly J.B. et al. Hurthle-cell neoplasms of the thyroid: An algorithmic approach to pathologic diagnosis in light of molecular advances // Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. – WB Saunders, 2020. – V. 37. – No 5. – P. 234–242. DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.03.004.
13. Lloyd R.V. et al. (eds.). WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs: WHO Classification of Tumours. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. – 2017. – No 4. – V. 10.
14. Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Клинические рекомендации: Дифференцированный рак щитовидной железы. – 2024. [Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Clinical recommendations: Differentiated thyroid cancer. – 2024. In Russian].
15. Михайлова М.В. и др. Диагностическая и лечебная тактика при «фолликулярной опухоли» щитовидной железы // Вестник хирургии имени И.И. Грекова. – 2015. – Т. 174. – № 2. – С. 77–80. [Mikhailova M.V. et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic tactics for the “follicular tumor” of the thyroid gland // Bulletin of Surgery named after I. I. Grekov. – 2015. – V. 174. – No 2. – P. 77–80. In Russian].
16. Cibas E.S. et al. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology // Thyroid. – 2009. – V. 19. – No 11. – P. 1159–1165. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0274.
17. Alzumaili B. et al. Grading of medullary thyroid carcinoma on the basis of tumor necrosis and high mitotic rate is an independent predictor of poor outcome // Modern Pathology. – 2020. – V. 33. – No 9. – P. 1690–1701. DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0532-1.
18. Girotto N. et al. Risk factors for thyroid cancer: what do we know so far? // Acta Clinica Croatica. – 2020. – V. 59. – No Suppl. 1. – P. 66–72. DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.s1.08.
19. Desai D. et al. ThyroSeq v3 for Bethesda III and IV: an institutional experience // Cancer Cytopathology. – 2021. – V. 129. – No 2. – P. 164–170. DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22362.
20. Дедов И.И. и др. Молекулярно-генетические аспекты новообразований щитовидной железы // Проблемы эндокринологии. – 2000. – Т. 46. – № 2. – С. 22–30. [Dedov I.I. et al. Molecular and genetic aspects of thyroid neoplasms // Problems of Endocrinology. – 2000. – V. 46. – No 2. – P. 22–30. In Russian]. DOI: 10.14341/probl200046222-30.
21. Долгов В.В. и др. Лабораторная диагностика заболеваний щитовидной железы: учебное пособие. – М., СПб., Новосибирск: Триада. – 2022. – C. 281. [Dolgov V.V. et al. Laboratory diagnostics of thyroid diseases: a textbook. – Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk: Triad. – 2022. – P. 281. In Russian].
22. Павлова Т.В. и др. Ультраструктурные и иммуногистохимические особенности рака щитовидной железы // Архив патологии. – 2008. – № 3. – С. 34–39. [Pavlova T.V. et al. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of thyroid cancer // Archive of Pathology. – 2008. – No 3. – P. 34–39. In Russian].
23. Петров С.В. Иммуногистохимическая диагностика опухолей щитовидной и паращитовидных желез, вилочковой железы // Руководство по иммуногистохимической диагностике опухолей человека / под ред. Петрова С.В., Райхлина Н.Т. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Казань: Медлитература. – 2004. – С. 256–271. [Petrov S.V. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus gland // Guidelines for the immunohistochemical diagnosis of human tumors / edited by Petrov S.V., Raikhlin N.T. – 3rd ed., revised and an addendum. – Kazan: Medliterature. – 2004. – P. 256–271. In Russian].
24. Gozu H.I. et al. Similar prevalence of somatic TSH receptor and Gsalpha mutations in toxic thyroid nodules in geographical regions with different iodine supply in Turkey // European Journal of Endocrinology. – 2006. – V. 155. – No 4. – P. 535–545. DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.02253.
25. Trulzsch B. et al. Detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and Gsα mutations in 75 toxic thyroid nodules by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis // Journal of Molecular Medicine. – 2001. – V. 78. – No 12. – P. 684–691. DOI: 10.1007/s001090000170.
26. Harrer P. et al. The clonality of nodules in recurrent goiters at second surgery // Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. – 1998. – V. 383. – No 6. – P. 453–455. DOI: 10.1007/s004230050159.
27. Apel R.L. et al. Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter // Diagnostic Molecular Pathology. – 1995. – V. 4. – No 2. – P. 113–121. DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199506000-00007.
28. Choudhury M. et al. Diagnostic utility of Ki67 and p53 immunostaining on solitary thyroid nodule-a cytohistological and radionuclide scintigraphic study // Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. – 2011. – V. 54. – No 3. – P. 472–475. DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.85077.
29. Kim J. et al. Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer // Nature Reviews Endocrinology. – 2020. – V. 16. – No 1. – P. 17–29. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x.
30. Jovanovic L. et al. Thyroid gland clonality revisited: the embryonal patch size of the normal human thyroid gland is very large, suggesting X-chromosome inactivation tumor clonality studies of thyroid tumors have to be interpreted with caution // The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. – 2003. – V. 88. – No 7. – P. 3284–3291. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021552.
31. Derwahl M. et al. Hyperplasia versus adenoma in endocrine tissues: are they different? // Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. – 2002. – V. 13. – No 1. – P. 23–28. DOI: 10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00519-7.
32. Рогова М.О. и др. Молекулярно-генетический анализ в стратификации риска рака щитовидной железы // Эффективная фармакотерапия. – 2020. – Т. 16. – № 26. – С. 32–36. [Rogova M.O. et al. Molecular genetic analysis in thyroid cancer risk stratification // Effective pharmacotherapy. – 2020. – V. 16. – No 26. – P. 32–36. In Russian]. DOI: 10.33978/2307-3586-2020-16-26-32-36.
33. Лукьянов С.А. и др. Стратификация риска рецидива папиллярного рака щитовидной железы на основании результатов молекулярно-генетических исследований // Опухоли головы и шеи. – 2020. – Т. 10. – № 1. – С. 93–100. [Lukyanov S.A. et al. Stratification of the risk of recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer based on the results of molecular genetic studies // Tumors of the Head and Neck. – 2020. – V. 10. – No 1. – P. 93–100. In Russian]. DOI: 10.17650/2222-1468-2020-10-1-93-100.
34. Xu B. et al. Primary high‐grade non‐anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study of 364 cases // Histopathology. – 2022. – V. 80. – No 2. – P. 322–337. DOI: 10.1111/his.14550.
35. Volante M. et al. Molecular pathology of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer: what do pathologists need to know? // Endocrine Pathology. – 2021. – V. 32. – No 1. – P. 63–76. DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09665-2.
36. De Leo S. et al. Recent advances in the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer // Thyroid research. – 2020. – V. 13. – No 1. – P. 17. DOI: 10.1186/s13044-020-00091-w.
37. Kakudo K. How to handle borderline/precursor thyroid tumors in management of patients with thyroid nodules // Gland Surgery. – 2018. – V. 7. – No Suppl. 1. – P. S8–S18. DOI: 10.21037/gs.2017.08.02.
38. Xu B. et al. Dissecting anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a comprehensive clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular study of 360 cases // Thyroid. – 2020. – V. 30. – No 10. – P. 1505–1517. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0086.
39. Rowe L.R. et al. Utility of BRAF V600E mutation detection in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules // Cytojournal. – 2006. – V. 3. – P. 10. DOI: 10.1186/1742-6413-3-10.
40. Bellevicine C. et al. Evaluation of BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARg alterations in different Bethesda diagnostic categories: a multicentric prospective study on the validity of the 7‐gene panel test in 1172 thyroid FNAs deriving from different hospitals in South Italy // Cancer cytopathology. – 2020. – V. 128. – No 2. – P. 107–118. DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22217.
41. Сердюкова О.С. и др. МикроРНК-перспективные молекулярные маркеры обнаружения рака в узлах щитовидной железы // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2018. – Т. 14. – № 3. – С. 140–148. [Serdyukova O.S. et al. MicroRNAs are promising molecular markers of cancer detection in thyroid nodules // Clinical and Experimental Thyroidology. – 2018. – V. 14. – No 3. – P. 140–148. In Russian]. DOI: 10.14341/ket9774.
42. Patel K.N. et al. Performance of a genomic sequencing classifier for the preoperative diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules // JAMA Surgery. – 2018. – V. 153. – No 9. – P. 817–824. DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.1153.
43. Vuong H.G. et al. Diagnostic performances of the Afirma gene sequencing classifier in comparison with the gene expression classifier: a meta‐analysis // Cancer Cytopathology. – 2021. – V. 129. – No 3. – P. 182–189. DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22378.
44. Golding A. et al. Development and validation of mRNA expression-based classifiers to predict low-risk thyroid tumors // Frontiers in Endocrinology. – 2025. – V. 16. – P. 1600815. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1600815.
45. Juhlin C.C. et al. The 2022 WHO classification of thyroid tumors: novel concepts in nomenclature and grading // Endocrine-related Cancer. – 2023. – V. 30. – No 2. – e220293. DOI: 10.1530/ERC-22-0293.